熔(rong)斷器（fuse）是指(zhi)當電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過(guo)規定值時，以本身產生的熱量(liang)使(shi)熔(rong)體熔(rong)斷，斷開電(dian)路的一(yi)種電(dian)器(qi)。熔(rong)斷器(qi)是根(gen)據電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過(guo)規定值一(yi)段時間后，以其(qi)自(zi)身產生的熱量(liang)使(shi)熔(rong)體熔(rong)化，從而使(shi)電(dian)路斷開；運(yun)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種原理(li)制成(cheng)的一(yi)種電(dian)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)。熔(rong)斷器(qi)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于高(gao)低壓配電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)和控制系(xi)統(tong)以及用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設備中，作(zuo)為短路和過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)，是應(ying)用(yong)(yong)普遍的保(bao)(bao)護(hu)器(qi)件之一(yi)。
利用金屬導體作為(wei)熔(rong)(rong)體串聯于(yu)電路中，當過(guo)載(zai)或(huo)短路電流通過(guo)熔(rong)(rong)體時，因(yin)其(qi)自身發熱而(er)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，從而(er)分(fen)斷(duan)(duan)電路的一種電器(qi)。熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)結構簡單，使用方便，廣泛用于(yu)電力系統(tong)、各種電工設備和家(jia)用電器(qi)中作為(wei)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)件。
熔(rong)斷器(qi)主要由熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)、外殼(ke)和(he)支座3部分組成(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)是控制(zhi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵元件。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、尺寸和(he)形(xing)狀決定了熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)分為低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)高熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)兩類。低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)如(ru)鉛和(he)鉛合金，其(qi)(qi)(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)低容(rong)易(yi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，由于其(qi)(qi)(qi)電阻率較(jiao)大，故(gu)制(zhi)成(cheng)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)面尺寸較(jiao)大，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)蒸氣較(jiao)多(duo)，只適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于低分斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)。高熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)如(ru)銅、銀(yin)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)高，不(bu)(bu)容(rong)易(yi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，但由于其(qi)(qi)(qi)電阻率較(jiao)低，可制(zhi)成(cheng)比低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)面尺寸，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時(shi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)蒸氣少，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于高分斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀分為絲(si)狀和(he)帶(dai)狀兩種。改變(bian)變(bian)截(jie)(jie)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀可改變(bian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)有各種不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)特性曲線，可以適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于不(bu)(bu)同(tong)類型保(bao)護對(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要。
熔斷器的(de)工作原理
熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)工(gong)作原則是一(yi)個簡單的(de)(de)I2R與時間的(de)(de)關(guan)系。電(dian)流越大(da)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)或開路時間越短。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)功耗與通過熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)流的(de)(de)平(ping)方成(cheng)正(zheng)比。當功耗過高時，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個特性同樣適用(yong)于受熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)保護的(de)(de)線束。如果產(chan)生的(de)(de)熱量超過散(san)發的(de)(de)熱量，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)溫度(du)就會增加，當溫度(du)升(sheng)到熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)絲熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點時熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)就發生熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)亦即斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)開電(dian)路起到保護作用(yong)。
使用維護
低(di)壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)是起安全(quan)保(bao)護(hu)作用的(de)一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)廣泛應(ying)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)保(bao)護(hu)和用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備保(bao)護(hu)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)或用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備發生短路故障或過載時，可(ke)自動切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)設備損(sun)壞，防止事故蔓(man)延。
熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器由(you)絕緣(yuan)底座（或支持件）、觸頭、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)等組成(cheng)(cheng)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)是(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器的主要(yao)工作部分，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)相當于串聯在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的一段特(te)殊的導線，當電(dian)(dian)路(lu)發生(sheng)短路(lu)或過(guo)(guo)載時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)大，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)因過(guo)(guo)熱(re)而(er)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)，從(cong)而(er)切斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)常做成(cheng)(cheng)絲狀(zhuang)、柵狀(zhuang)或片狀(zhuang)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)材料具有相對(dui)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點低、特(te)性穩定、易于熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的特(te)點。一般采(cai)用鉛(qian)錫合金(jin)、鍍銀銅片、鋅、銀等金(jin)屬。在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)切斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的過(guo)(guo)程中會產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)，為了(le)安(an)全有效地熄滅電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)，一般均將熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)安(an)裝在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器殼體(ti)內，采(cai)取措(cuo)施，快速熄滅電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)。
熔斷(duan)器具有結構簡單、使(shi)用(yong)方便(bian)、價格低廉等優點(dian)，在低壓系統(tong)中廣泛(fan)被應(ying)用(yong)。
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